No single sign proves pain in fish. Individual baselines, multimodal observation and structured veterinary reassessment support proportionate decisions.
Tire-derived 6PPD-quinone can reach streams during rain. Wide differences in fish sensitivity call for event-based measurement, not a universal threshold.
At Saint-Chamas, deep anoxic water rose into fish habitat and caused a fish kill, showing why lagoon monitoring must cover depth, time and weather patterns.
Document coral lesions in public aquariums: distinguish bleaching from tissue loss, record changes and plan useful samples with the veterinary laboratory.
Gyrodactylus salaris: identify routes of spread between rivers, organise equipment biosecurity and confirm suspected infections with an appropriate laboratory.
Sticklebacks in research: record population origins, connect genotype and phenotype and adapt husbandry to support clearer interpretation of experiments.
White spot in trout: confirm the parasite, understand its life cycle and organise farm monitoring to support a veterinary response suited to the whole system.
Check fish farm water sensors for fouling and drift, confirm oxygen alarms independently and keep useful records to support maintenance and protect fish.
Assess octopus enrichment through shelter, exploration and manipulation while protecting water quality, feeding, health monitoring and voluntary retreat.
Otolith chemistry can inform fish origins and habitat history when reference data, growth and uncertainty are considered before assigning individual movements.
